![]() Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: Financial support came from Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the European Research Council. Received: NovemAccepted: FebruPublished: February 23, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Kano et al. PLoS ONE 13(2):Įditor: Suliann Ben Hamed, Centre de neuroscience cognitive, FRANCE Such unique attentional biases may help them learn efficiently about their particular social environments.Ĭitation: Kano F, Shepherd SV, Hirata S, Call J (2018) Primate social attention: Species differences and effects of individual experience in humans, great apes, and macaques. Such individual/species-specificities are likely related to both individual experience and species-typical temperament, suggesting that primate individuals acquire their unique attentional biases through both ontogeny and evolution. We thus found that the viewing patterns for social stimuli are both individual- and species-specific in these closely-related primates. Individuals varied within each species in their patterns of gaze toward models’ faces, eyes, mouths, and action targets depending on their unique individual experiences. novices) or movie-viewing generally (adults vs. We also presented the same movies to human adults and children differing in their expertise with chimpanzees (experts vs. We presented movies depicting natural behaviors of chimpanzees to three groups of chimpanzees (individuals from a zoo, a sanctuary, and a research institute) differing in their early social and physical experiences. Experiment 2 tested the effect of individuals’ experience on chimpanzee and human viewing patterns. We found that each species had distinct viewing patterns of the models’ faces, eyes, mouths, and action targets. Experiment 1 examined the species differences across rhesus macaques, nonhuman apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, and orangutans), and humans while they viewed movies of various animals’ species-typical behaviors. In large samples of human and nonhuman primates, we examined species differences and the effects of experience on patterns of gaze toward social movies. However, the nature of these individual and species differences remains unclear, particularly among nonhuman primates. Previous studies reported that such viewing patterns vary significantly across individuals in humans, and also across closely-related primate species. When viewing social scenes, humans and nonhuman primates focus on particular features, such as the models’ eyes, mouth, and action targets.
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